Despite initial recognition of opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD) as a possible consequence of opioid use more than four decades ago, few studies have systematically investigated hormonal changes induced by long-term opioid administration.
Despite initial recognition of opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD) as a possible consequence of opioid use more than four decades ago, few studies have systematically investigated hormonal changes induced by long-term opioid administration.