| Age |
The prevalence of symptoms increases significantly. In one study, incidence rose
from 3.4% of men between the ages of 40 and 44, to 41.9% of men 75 years and older. |
Prevalence also increases with age. In the same study, incidence increased from 8.7%
of women between the ages of 40 and 44, to 31.3% of those 75 years and older. |
| Chronic medical conditions |
Multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, stroke, dementia,
and impaired mobility may cause bladder symptoms. |
Same for women. |
| Medications |
Diuretics, antidepressants, alpha-agonists, beta-antagonists, sedatives, anti-cholinergics,
and analgesics can all cause urinary tract symptoms. |
Same for women. |
| Menopause and estrogen depletion |
N/A |
Menopause has been associated with a decrease in urethralmucosa vascularity and thickness,
as a result of diminished estrogen production. |
| Pelvic surgery |
Incontinence has been seen in men following surgical treatment for prostate cancer. |
Hysterectomy may increase a woman's risk of incontinence. |
| Pregnancy and childbirth |
N/A |
Pregnancy and vaginal childbirth increase the risk of incontinence. Post-childbirth
incontinence has been associated with the use of forceps, vacuum extraction, episiotomy, and pudendal
anesthesia. |
| Prostate-related conditions |
BPH, and prostatic obstruction secondary to BPH. Prostate cancer may also cause symptoms. |
N/A |
| Race |
No studies have been done in men comparing race and incidence of OAB. |
White women appear to be at higher risk for incontinence. Compared with black women,
they may have a shorter urethra, weaker pelvic floor muscles, and a lower bladder neck. |